Treatment strategy on traumatic mid-lumbar spondyloptosis with concomitant multiple injuries: A case report and literature review / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

Spondyloptosis in the clinic is rarely reported. We herein present a 47-year-old female, who suffered from a crush injury directly by a heavy cylindrical object from the lateral side. She was diagnosed to have traumatic L3 spondyloptosis with multiple traumas. Staged surgical procedures were conducted and a three-year follow-up was obtained. Eventually, normal spinal alignment was restored, and neurological deficits were gradually improved. At three years follow-up, the motor strength scores and function of the sphincters were incompletely improved. Previously published reports on traumatic lumbar spondyloptosis were reviewed and several critical points for management of this severe type of spinal injury were proposed. First, thoracolumbar and lumbosacral junction were mostly predilection sites. Second, numerous patients involving traumatic lumbar spondyloptosis were achieved to American Spinal Injury Association grade A. Third, lumbar spondyloptosis was commonly coupling with cauda equina injury. Finally, the outcomes were still with poorly prognosis and recovery of patients was correlation to spondyloptosis severity. Based on this case report and literatures review, we highlighted that the spinal alignment restoration relying on staged operations and following rehabilitation hereof are both important once facing with multiple traumas. Furthermore, we suggested to perform routine CT angiography during lumbar spondyloptosis to justify whether there are large vessel compression or injury.

Treatment of stable degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis with percutaneous endoscopic surgery through two different approaches / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To assess the clinical effects of percutaneous endoscopic surgery through two different approaches for stable degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis.@*METHODS@#Sixty-four patients with stable degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis who underwent percutaneous endoscopic procedures between January 2016 and December 2019 were divided into transforaminal approach group and interlaminar approach group according to surgical approaches, 32 patients in each group. There were 16 males and 16 females in transforaminal approach group, aged from 52 to 84 years old with an average of (66.03±9.60) years, L2 slippage in 4 cases, L3 slippage in 5, and L4 slippage in 23. There were 17 males and 15 females in interlaminar approach group, aged from 46 to 81 years old with an average of (61.38±9.88) years, L3 slippage in 3 cases, L4 slippage in 15, and L5 slippage in 14. Operative time, intraoperative fluoroscopy times, and postoperative bedtime were compared between two groups. Anteroposterior displacement values, interbody opening angles, and the percentage of slippage were measured on preoperative and postoperative 12-month dynamic radiographs. Visual analogue scale (VAS) of low back pain and lower extremity pain, and the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score before and after surgery were observed, and clinical effects were evaluated according to the modified MACNAB criteria.@*RESULTS@#All operations were successfully completed, and patients in both groups were followed up for more than 1 year, and without complications during follow-up period. ①There was no significant difference in operation time between two groups(P>0.05). Intraoperative fluoroscopy times were longer in transforaminal approach group than that in intervertebral approach group(P<0.05). Postoperative bedtime was shorter in transforaminal approach group than that in intervertebral approach group (P<0.05).② No lumbar instability was found on dynamic radiography at 12 months postoperatively in both groups. There were no significant differences in anteroposterior displacement values, interbody opening angles, and the percentage of slippage between two groups postoperative 12 months and preoperative 1 day(P>0.05). ③There was no significant difference between two groups in VAS of low back pain at 3 days and 1, 12 months after the operation compared with the preoperative(P>0.05), but the VAS of the lower extremity pain was significantly improved compared with the preoperative(P<0.05). Both of groups showed significant improvement in JOA score at 12 months compared with preoperatively(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in VAS of low back pain, lower extremity pain and JOA scores between two groups during the same period after surgery(P>0.05). According to modified Macnab criteria, excellent, good, fair and poor outcomes were 21, 7, 3 and 1 in transforaminal approach group respectively, and which in intervertebral approach group were 20, 7, 5 and 0, there was no significant difference in clinical effect between the groups(P>0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Intervertebral approach may reduce intraoperative fluoroscopy times and transforaminal approach can shorten postoperative bedtime, both approaches achieve satisfactory results in the treatment of stable degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis with no progression of short-term slippage.

Clinical and radiologic comparison between oblique lateral interbody fusion and minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To compare the short-term clinical efficacy and radiologic differences between oblique lateral interbody fusion(OLIF) and minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF) for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis.@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis was performed on 58 patients with lumbar spondylolisthesis treated with OLIF or MIS-TLIF from April 2019 to October 2020. Among them, 28 patients were treated with OLIF (OLIF group), including 15 males and 13 females aged 47 to 84 years old with an average age of (63.00±9.38) years. The other 30 patients were treated with MIS-TLIF(MIS-TLIF group), including 17 males and 13 females aged 43 to 78 years old with an average age of (61.13±11.10) years. General conditions, including operation time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative drainage, complications, lying in bed, and hospitalization time were recorded in both groups. Radiological characteristics, including intervertebral disc height (DH), intervertebral foramen height (FH), and lumbar lordosis angle (LLA), were compared between two groups. The visual analogue scale (VAS) and Oswestry disability index (ODI) were used to evaluate the clinical effect.@*RESULTS@#The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative drainage, lying in bed, and hospitalization time in OLIF group were significantly less than those in the MIS-TLIF group (P<0.05). The intervertebral disc height and intervertebral foramen height were significantly improved in both groups after the operation (P<0.05). The lumbar lordosis angle in OLIF group was significantly improved compared to before the operation(P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in the MIS-TLIF group before and after operation(P>0.05). Postoperative intervertebral disc height, intervertebral foramen height, and lumbar lordosis were better in the OLIF group than in the MIS-TLIF group (P<0.05). The VAS and ODI of the OLIF group were lower than those of the MIS-TLIF group within 1 week and 1 month after the operation (P<0.05), and there were no significant differences in VAS and ODI at 3 and 6 months after the operation between the two groups(P>0.05). In the OLIF group, 1 case had paresthesia of the left lower extremity with flexion-hip weakness and 1 case had a collapse of the endplate after the operation;in the MIS-TLIF group, 2 cases had radiation pain of lower extremities after decompression.@*CONCLUSION@#Compared with MIS-TLIF, OLIF results in less operative trauma, faster recovery, and better imaging performance after lumbar spine surgery.

Analysis of the causes and clinical results of vertebral fracture during oblique lateral lumbar interbody fusion / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the causes of vertebral fracture during oblique lateral interbody fusion in the treatment of lumbar spondylopathy, summarize the clinical results, and propose preventive measures.@*METHODS@#Retrospective analysis was made on the data of 8 cases of lumbar spondylopathy and vertebral fracture treated by oblique lateral interbody fusion in three medical centers from October 2014 to December 2018. All were female, aged from 50 to 81 years with an average of 66.4 years. Disease types included 1 case of lumbar degenerative disease, 3 cases of lumbar spinal stenosis, 2 cases of lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis and 2 cases of lumbar degenerative scoliosis. Preoperative dual energy X-ray bone mineral density test showed that 2 cases had T-value >-1 SD, 2 cases had T-value -1 to -2.5 SD, and 4 cases had T-value <-2.5 SD. Single segment fusion was in 5 cases, two segment fusion in 1 case and three segment fusion in 2 cases. Four cases were treated with OLIF Stand-alone and 4 cases were treated with OLIF combined with posterior pedicle screw fixation. Postoperative imaging examination showed vertebral fracture, and all of them were single vertebral fracture. There were 2 cases of right lower edge fracture of upper vertebral body at fusion segment, 6 cases of lower vertebral body fracture at fusion segment, and 6 cases with endplate injury and fusion cage partially embedded in vertebral body. Three cases of OLIF Stand-alone were treated with pedicle screw fixation via posterior intermuscular approach, while one case of OLIF Stand-alone and four cases of OLIF combined with posterior pedicle screw fixation were not treated specially.@*RESULTS@#The 5 cases of initial operation and 3 cases of reoperation did not show wound skin necrosis or wound infection. The follow-up time was from 12 to 48 months with an average of 22.8 months. Visual analogue scale (VAS) of low back pain was preoperative decreased from 4 to 8 points (averagely 6.3 points) and postoperative 1 to 3 points (averagely 1.7 points) at the final follow-up. Oswestry disability index (ODI) was preoperative 39.7% to 52.4% (averagely 40.2%), and postoperative 7.9% to 11.2% (averagely 9.5%) at the final follow-up. During the follow-up, there was no loosening or fracture of the pedicle screw system, and no lateral displacement of the fusion cage;however, the fusion cage at the vertebral fracture segment had obvious subsidence. The intervertebral space height of vertebral fracture segment was preoperaive 6.7 to 9.2 mm (averagely 8.1 mm), and postoperative 10.5 to 12.8 mm (averagely 11.2 mm). The improvement rate after operation was 37.98% compared to preoperative. The intervertebral space height at final follow-up was 8.4 to 10.9 mm (averagely 9.3 mm), and the loss rate was 16.71% compared with that after operation. At the final follow-up, interbody fusion was achieved in all cases except for one that could not be identified.@*CONCLUSION@#The incidence of vertebral fracture during oblique lateral interbody fusion in the treatment of lumbar spondylopathy is lower, and there are many reasons for fracture, including preoperative bone loss or osteoporosis, endplate injury, irregular shape of endplate, excessive selection of fusion cage, and osteophyte hyperplasia at the affected segment. As long as vertebral fracture is found in time and handled properly, the prognosis is well. However, it still needs to strengthen prevention.

Facet Tropism/Inclination and Its Association with Intervertebral Disc Herniation in the Lumbar Spine - A Radiological Evaluation / Tropismo/inclinação facetária e sua associação com hérnia de disco intervertebral na região lombar da coluna - Uma avaliação radiológica

Abstract Objective To assess the role of facet tropism (FT) in intervertebral disc prolapse. Methods A total 98 patients with lower back pain were included in the study. Magnetic resonance imaging scans were performed and analyzed. The angles of the right and left facets were measured on the axial section. Patients without disc prolapse at the L3-L4, L4-L5 and L5-S1 levels act as controls for those with disc prolapse at the same levels. A statistical analysis was also performed. Results The incidence of FT at the L3-L4 level was of 85.2% in patients with disc herniation (n= 27), and of 56.3% in the control group, which was statistically significant (p= 0.008). Similarly, at the L4-L5 level, incidence of FT among cases and controls was of 71.4% (n= 35) and 52.4% respectively (p= 0.066). At the L5-S1 the incidence was of 66% and 51% among cases and controls respectively (p= 0.13). Conclusion We found a positive association between FT and disc herniation at the L3-L4 level, but no association at the L4-L5 and L5-S1 levels.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar o papel do tropismo facetário (TF) no prolapso discal intervertebral. Métodos Um total de 98 pacientes com dor lombar foram incluídos no estudo. Exames de ressonância magnética foram realizados e analisados, e os ângulos das facetas direita e esquerda foram medidos na seção axial. Os pacientes sem prolapso discal nos níveis L3-L4, L4-L5 e L5-S1 atuam como controles para aqueles com prolapso nos mesmos níveis. Fez-se também uma análise estatística. Resultados A incidência de TF no nível L3-L4 foi de 85,2% em pacientes com hérnia discal (n= 27), e de 56,3% no grupo controle, o que foi estatisticamente significativo (p= 0,008). Da mesma forma, a incidência de TF no nível L4-L5 entre casos e controles foi de 71,4% (n= 35) e 52,4%, respectivamente (p= 0,066). No nível L5-S1, a incidência foi de 66% e 51% nos caso e nos controles, respectivamente (p= 0,13). Conclusão Encontramos associação positiva entre TF e hérnia de disco no nível L3-L4, mas nenhuma associação nos níveis L4-L5 e L5-S1.

Correlation Between Cage Positioning and Lumbar Lordosis in Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion (TLIF) / Correlação entre posicionamento do cage e lordose lombar em fusão transforaminal minimamente invasiva (TLIF)

Abstract Objective The present study evaluates radiographic outcomes and the lumbar lordosis achieved with a transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) arthrodesis technique according to the positioning of an interbody device (cage) in the disc space. Methods This is a retrospective radiographic analysis of single-level surgical patients with degenerative lumbar disease submitted to a TLIF procedure and posterior pedicle instrumentation. We divided patients into two groups according to cage positioning. For the TLIF-A group, the cages were anterior to the disc space; for the TLIF-P group, cages were posterior to the disc space. Considering the superior vertebral plateau of the lower vertebra included in the instrumentation, cages occupying a surface equal to the anterior 50% of the midline were placed in the TLIF-A group, and those in a posterior position were placed in the TLIF-P group. We assessed pre- and postoperative orthostatic lateral radiographs to obtain the following measures: lumbar lordosis (LL) (angle L1-S1), segmental lordosis (LS) (L4-S1), and segmental lordosis of the cage (SLC). Results The present study included 100 patients from 2011 to 2018; 44 were males, and 46 were females. Their mean age was 50.5 years old (range, 27 to 76 years old). In total, 43 cages were "anterior" (TLIF-A) and 57 were "posterior" (TLIF-P). After surgery, the mean findings for the TLIF-A group were the following: LL, 50.7°, SL 34.9°, and SLC 21.6°; in comparison, the findings for the TLIF-P group were the following: LL, 42.3° (p< 0.01), SL 30.7° (p< 0.05), and SLC 18.8° (p> 0.05). Conclusion Cage positioning anterior to the disc space improved lumbar and segmental lordosis on radiographs compared with a posterior placement.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar os resultados radiográficos e comparar a lordose pós-operatória em técnica de artrodese intersomática lombar transforaminal (TLIF, na sigla em inglês), considerando como variável o posicionamento do dispositivo intersomático (cage) em relação ao espaço discal. Métodos Análise retrospectiva radiográfica de pacientes cirúrgicos, em nível único, por doença lombar degenerativa, aplicando-se TLIF e instrumentação pedicular posterior. Os pacientes foram divididos, conforme a posição do cage, em 2 grupos: 1. TLIF-A - cages na posição anterior do espaço discal; e 2. TLIF-P, cages na posição posterior do espaço discal (considerando-se o platô vertebral superior da vértebra inferior incluída na instrumentação, cages que ocuparam a superfície correspondente a 50% anterior da linha média, compuseram o grupo TLIF-A; opostamente, cages em posicionamento posterior compuseram o grupo TLIF-P). Procedeu-se à avaliação dos exames radiográficos ortostáticos em perfil no pré- e pós-operatórios, com a tomada das seguintes medidas: lordose lombar (LL) (ângulo L1-S1); lordose segmentar (LS) (L4-S1) e lordose segmentar do cage (LSC). Resultados Cem pacientes foram incluídos de 2011 a 2018, sendo 44 homens e 46 mulheres, com idade média de 50.5 anos (27-76 anos). Um total de 43 cages foram classificados como "anteriores" (TLIF-A) e 57, "posteriores" (TLIF-P); considerando o grupo TLIF- A, os resultados pós-operatórios médios foram: LL 50.7°, LS 34.9° e LSC 21.6°; para o grupo TLIF-P, comparativamente: LL 42.3° (p< 0,01), LS 30.7° (p< 0,05) e LSC 18.8° (p> 0,05). Conclusão O posicionamento anterior do cage em relação ao espaço discal correlaciona-se a melhora da lordose lombar e segmentar na radiografia em comparação com o posicionamento posterior do implante.

Correlation between the Severity of the Lumbar Degenerative Disease and Sagittal Spinopelvic Alignment / Correlação entre a gravidade da doença degenerativa lombar e o alinhamento espinopélvico

Abstract Objective To evaluate the impact of the severity of lumbar degenerative disease (LDD) on sagittal spinopelvic alignment. Methods In total, 130 patients (mean age: 57 years; 75% female) with LDD-associated low-back pain were prospectively included. The severity of the LDD was defined by the following findings on anteroposterior and lateral lumbar spine radiographs: osteophytosis; loss of of height of the intervertebral disc; terminal vertebral plate sclerosis; number of affected segments; deformities; and objective instability. The disease was classified as follows: grade 0-absence of signs of LDD in the lumbar spine; grade I - signs of LDD in up to two segments; grade II - three or more segments involved; grade III - association with scoliosis, spondylolisthesis, or laterolisthesis. Spinopelvic radiographic parameters, including pelvic incidence (PI), lumbar lordosis (LL), discrepancy between the PI and LL (PI-LL), pelvic tilt (PT), and sagittal vertical axis (SVA), were analyzed according to the LDD grades. Results The radiographic parameters differed according to the LDD grades; grade-III patients presented higher SVA (p= 0.001) and PT (p= 0.0005) values, denoting greater anterior inclination of the trunk and pelvic retroversion when compared to grade-0 andgrade-I subjects. In addition, grade-III patients had higher PI-LL values, which indicates loss of PI-related lordosis, than grade-I subjects (p= 0.04). Conclusion Patients with more severe LDD tend to present greater spinopelvic sagittal misalignment compared to patients with a milder disease.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar o impacto da graduação da doença degenerativa lombar (DDL) sobre o alinhamento sagital espinopélvico. Métodos Ao todo, 130 pacientes (dade média: 57 anos; 75% do sexo feminino) com dor lombar associada a DDL foram prospectivamente incluídos. A gravidade da DDL foi definida pelos seguintes achados nas radiografias anteroposterior e de perfil da coluna lombar: osteofitose; perda de altura do disco intervertebral; esclerose na placa vertebral terminal; número de segmentos afetados; deformidades; e instabilidade objetiva. Os pacientes foram graduados segundo a DDL da seguinte maneira: grau 0-ausência de sinais de DDL na coluna lombar; grau I - sinais de DDL em até dois segmentos; grau II - envolvimento em três ou mais segmentos; grau III - quando associada a escoliose, espondilolistese ou laterolistese. Parâmetros radiográficos espinopélvicos, como incidência pélvica (IP), lordose lombar (LL), discrepância entre a IP e a LL (IP-LL), versão pélvica (VP), e eixo vertical sagital (EVS) foram analisados de acordo com os graus de DDL. Resultados Houve diferença nos parâmetros radiográficos comparando-se os graus de DDL, com os pacientes de grau III apresentando maiores valores de EVS (p= 0,001) e VP (p= 0,0005), o que denota maior inclinação anterior do tronco e maior retroversão pélvica do que os pacientes de graus 0 e I. Pacientes de grau III também apresentaram maiores valores de IP-LL, o que denota perda da lordose relativa ao valor da IP, do que pacientes grau I (p= 0,04). Conclusão Pacientes com DDL mais grave demonstraram uma tendência a maior desalinhamento sagital espinopélvico comparados com pacientes com graus mais leves.

Development and clinical application of a new transverse process retractor based on computer-aided design and 3D printing technology / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To manufacture a new type of transverse process retractor by using computer-aided design(CAD) combined with 3D printing technology and investigate its clinical application effect.@*METHODS@#A new type of transverse protrusion retractor was developed by CAD combined with 3D printing technology. From September 2018 to September 2019, the new transverse process retractor was applied in clinic. Sixty patients with lumbar single segment lesions who needed treatment by pedicle screw fixation, bone grafting and interbody fusion were divided into new transverse process retractor group and control group, with 30 cases in each group. There were 14 males and 16 females in new type transverse process retractor group, the age was (68.0±4.3) years old on average; lesion segment of 8 cases were L3,4, 9 cases were L4,5, 13 cases were L5S1;5 cases of lumbar disc herniation, 20 cases of lumbar spinal stenosis, 5 cases of degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis;new transverse process retractor was used to pedicle screw placement. While there were 15 males and 15 females in control group, with an average age of (69.2±4.5) years old;lesion segment of 8 cases were L3,4, 10 cases were L4,5, 12 cases were L5S1;5 cases of lumbar disc herniation, 21 cases of lumbar spinal stenosis, 4 cases of degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis;the traditional lamina retractor was used for soft tissue pulling and finished pedicle screw placement by freehand. The length of surgical incision, the time required for inserting a single screw, fluoroscopy times, the times of adjusting the positioning needle or screw in insertion process, and the visual analogue scale (VAS) of surgical incision 72 hours after operation were compared between two groups.@*RESULTS@#Using CAD and 3D printing technology, a new type of transverse protrusion retractor was developed quickly. The length of surgical incision, the time required for inserting a single screw, fluoroscopy time, and the times of adjusting the positioning needle or screw in insertion process in new transverse process retractor group were less than those in control group(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in VAS of lumbar incision pain at 72 hours after operation between two groups(P>0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Using CAD combined with 3D printing technology to develop a new transverse protrusion retractor has the advantages of convenient design, short development cycle and low cost. It provides a new idea for the research and development of new medical devices. The new transverse process retractor has the advantages of easy operation, reliable fixation, less damage to paravertebral muscle, convenient pedicle screw placement, reducing fluoroscopy time and so on.

Two different techniques combined with MIS-TLIF in the treatment of degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis:a case-control study / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the difference in clinical efficacy of minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF) under Quadrant channel system combined with microscope and percutaneous pedicle screw in the treatment of degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis.@*METHODS@#A total of 114 patients with single-segment degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis from June 2015 to February 2019, were divided into three groups according to the surgical methods, such as the MIS-TLIF under the microscope surgery group ( microscope group), MIS-TLIF combined with percutaneous pedicle screw technique surgery group(percutaneous group) and posterior lumbar interbody fusion surgery group (open group). In the microscope group, there were 12 males and 26 females, aged from 42 to 83 years with an average of (63.29±9.09) years. In the percutaneous group, there were 16 males and 22 females, aged from 45 to 82 years with an average of (63.37±7.50) years. In the open group, there were 12 males and 26 females, aged from 51 to 82 years with an average of (63.76±8.21) years. The general conditions of operation, such as operation time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative drainage, length of surgical incision, frequency of intraoperative fluoroscopy and postoperative time of lying in bed were recorded to analyze the differences in surgical related indicators. Visual analogue scale (VAS) of waist and leg pain in preoperative and postoperative period (3 days, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months) were recorded to evaluate pain remission;Oswestry Disability Index(ODI), Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score were recorded to evaluate the recovery of waist and leg function on preoperative and postoperative 12 months. The lumbar spondylolisthesis rate and intervertebral height at 12 months after operation were recorded to evaluate the reduction of spondylolisthesis. The Siepe intervertebral fusion standard was used to analyze the intervertebral fusion rate at 12 months after operation.@*RESULTS@#①All 114 patients were followed up more than 1 year, and no complications related to incision infection occurred. In the microscope group, there was 1 case of subcutaneous effusion 8 days after operation. After percutaneous puncture and drainage, waist compression, and then the healing was delayed. In the percutaneous group, 2 cases of paravertebral muscle necrosis occurred on the side of decompression, and the healing was delayed after debridement. In open group, there was 1 case of intraoperative dural tear, which was packed with free adipose tissue during the operation. There was no postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage and other related complications.① Compared with microscope group, percutaneous group increased in operation time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative wound drainage, surgical incision length, intraoperative fluoroscopy times, and postoperative bed rest time. In open group, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative wound drainage, surgical incision length, and postoperative bed rest time increased, but the intraoperative fluoroscopy time decreased. Compared with percutaneous group, the intraoperative blood loss, wound drainage, surgical incision length, and postoperative bed rest time in open group increased, but operative time and the intraoperative fluoroscopy time decreased(P<0.05). ②ODI and JOA scores of the three groups at 12 months after operation were improved compared with those before operation (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between the three group(P>0.05). ③Compared with microscope group, the VAS of low back pain in percutaneous group increased at 3 days after operation, and VAS of low back pain in open group increased at 3 days, and 12 month after operation. Compared with percutaneous group, the VAS low back pain score of the open group increased at 3 months after operation (P<0.05). ④ The lumbar spondylolisthesis rate of the three groups of patients at 12 months afrer operation was decreased compared with that before operation(P<0.05), and the intervertebral heigh was increased compared with that before operation(P<0.05), however, there was no significant difference among three groups at 12 months afrer operation(P>0.05). ⑤ There was no significant difference between three groups in the lumbar fusion rate at 12 months afrer operation(P>0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The MIS-TLIF assisted by microscope and the MIS-TLIF combined with percutaneous pedicle screw are safe and effective to treat the degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis with single-segment, and the MIS-TLIF assisted by microscope may be more invasive, cause less blood loss and achieve better clinical efficacy.

Analysis of early and middle stage efficacy and complications of oblique lumbar interbody fusion in treating degenerative lumbar diseases / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the early and middle stage efficacy and complications of minimally invasive extraperitoneal oblique lumbar interbody fusion (OLIF) in the treatment of degenerative lumbar diseases.@*METHODS@#The clinical data of 22 patients with degenerative lumbar diseases underwent OLIF from October 2017 to March 2019 were retrospectively analyzed, including 14 males and 8 females, aged from 51 to 72 years with an average of (63.15±7.22) years. There were 6 cases of lumbar spinal stenosis, 5 cases of lumbar spondylolisthesis, 4 cases of adjacent vertebral disease, 3 cases of degenerative lumbar scoliosis, 3 cases of discogenic low back pain, and 1 case of recurrence after posterior lumbar decompression. Posterior minimally invasive pedicle screw fixation was performed in 13 cases and Stand-alone fixation in 9 cases. Intraoperative blood loss, operation time, postoperative drainage volume, landing time were recorded. The intervertebral disc height(IDH), intervertebral foramen height(IFH), intervertebral foramen area( IFA), canal diameter(CD), canal area(CA) were measured before and after operation. The imaging changes (including location of fusion cage, interbody fusion, and cage subsidence) and complications were observed. Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), numerical rating scales (NRS) and Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scores were compared before and 3, 6, 12 months after operation.@*RESULTS@#All 22 patients successfully completed the operation. The intraoperative blood loss was 25 to 280 ml with an average of (95.45±79.07) ml and that of simple anterior approach was 25 to 70 ml with an average of (45.71±15.42) ml. The operation time was 75 to 210 min with an average of (137.72±37.66) min, and the simple anterior operation time was 75 to 105 min with an average of (91.40±15.96) min. The total drainage volume was 10 to 110 ml with an average of (56.23±31.15) ml, and the time to go down to the ground was 24 to 72 hours (54.48±18.24) hours after operation. Postoperative IDH improved (6.63±2.61)mm(P<0.05), the IFH improved (5.35±2.47)mm (P<0.05), the IFA improved (97.67±33.58)mm2(P<0.05), the CD improved (3.31±1.61) mm(P<0.05), the CA improved (57.52±31.39) mm2(P<0.05). Five patients got interbody fusion at 6 months after operation and all 22 patients got interbody fusion at 12 months after operation. There was 5 cases of fusion cage subsidence, all of which occurred in the cases without posterior fixation(using Stand-alone fixation). There was no serious complication such as big blood vessel injury, ureter injury, dural sac injury and nerve root injury. Peritoneal injury occurred in 1 case, postoperative transient thigh pain, decrease of quadriceps femoris muscle strength in 4 cases and sympathetic nerve injury in 1 case. The symptoms of lumbago and radicular pain of lower extremities were alleviated obviously 3 days after operation. The ODI, NRS and JOA scores at 6, 12 months after operation were significantly improved(P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The treatment of lumbar degenerative diseases with definite indications by OLIF can achieve satisfactory clinical results, and it has advantages of less intraoperative bleeding, fast time to land, less complications, good imaging improvement and indirect decompression. But the operation time and fluoroscopy time are longer in the early stage, and complications such as peritoneal injury and lumbar plexus over traction may occur. The long-term incidence of settlement of fusion cage with Stand-alone technology is higher.

Correlation between degenerative diseases of the lumbar spine and types of lumbar lordosis / Correlação entre doenças degenerativas da coluna lombar e os tipos de lordose lombar / Correlación entre las enfermedades degenerativas de la columna lumbar y los tipos de lordosis lumbar

ABSTRACT Objective: Evaluate the relationship between the incidence of different types of degenerative diseases of the spine and lumbopelvic biomechanics, according to the types of lordosis of Roussouly's classification. Methods: Retrospective study of medical records and results of imaging exams of patients seen at a private hospital in São Paulo. The sagittal alignment of these patients was evaluated by classifying them according to Roussouly into 4 types, based on panoramic radiographs of the spine. These results were correlated with the patient's degenerative diagnosis (Herniated disc, Canal stenosis, Spondylolisthesis, degenerative discopathy and Facet arthrosis). Statistical tests were performed comparing the types of curvature and diagnoses identified. Results: 418 patients were evaluated, 51.4% male and 49.6% female. The vast majority of patients, about 54%, had a diagnosis of herniated lumbar disc. There was a statistically significant difference that showed a predilection for surgical treatment in cases classified as Type I and Type II in the Roussouly classification. There was no statistically significant difference that correlated the types of lumbar lordosis with the diagnosis presented by the patients. Conclusion: There is no statistically significant difference that correlates the type of lumbar lordosis according to Roussouly with lumbar degenerative diseases. In contrast, patients classified as Type 1 and Type 2 by Roussouly underwent a greater number of surgical treatments compared to patients type 3 and 4, with statistical relevance. Level of evidence 2; Retrospective prognostic study.

RESUMO Objetivos: Avaliar a relação da incidência dos diferentes tipos de doenças degenerativas da coluna com a biomecânica lombopélvica, de acordo com os tipos de lordose segundo Roussouly. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de prontuários médicos e de resultados de exames de imagens de pacientes atendidos em um hospital privado de São Paulo. Foi avaliado o alinhamento sagital desses pacientes classificando-os de acordo com Roussouly em 4 tipos, com base nas radiografias panorâmicas da coluna vertebral. Esses resultados foram correlacionados com o diagnóstico degenerativo do paciente (Hérnia de disco, Estenose do canal, Espondilolistese, Discopatia degenerativa e Artrose facetaria). Testes estatísticos foram realizados comparando os tipos de curvatura e diagnósticos identificados. Resultados: Foram avaliados 418 pacientes, sendo que 51,4% do sexo masculino e 49,6% do sexo feminino. A grande maioria dos pacientes, cerca de 54%, apresentavam como diagnóstico hérnia de disco lombar. Houve uma diferença estatisticamente significativa que evidenciou uma predileção do tratamento cirúrgico nos casos classificados como Tipo I e Tipo II na classificação de Roussouly. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa que correlacionasse os tipos de lordose lombar com o diagnóstico apresentado pelos pacientes. Conclusões: Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa que correlacione o tipo de lordose lombar de acordo com Roussouly com as doenças degenerativas lombares. Em contrapartida, os pacientes classificados como Tipo 1 e Tipo 2 de Roussouly foram submetidos em maior número ao tratamento cirúrgico em comparação com os pacientes tipo 3 e 4, com relevância estatística. Nível de evidência 2; Estudo prognóstico retrospectivo.

RESUMEN Objetivos: Evaluar la relación entre la incidencia de diferentes tipos de enfermedades degenerativas de la columna y la biomecánica lumbopélvica, según los tipos de lordosis de Roussouly. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de registros médicos y resultados de exámenes de imágenes de pacientes atendidos en un hospital privado en São Paulo. La alineación sagital de estos pacientes se evaluó clasificándolos según Roussouly en 4 tipos, en base a radiografías panorámicas de la columna vertebral. Estos resultados se correlacionaron con el diagnóstico degenerativo del paciente (disco herniado, estenosis del canal, espondilolistesis, discopatía degenerativa y artrosis facetaria). Se realizaron pruebas estadísticas comparando los tipos de curvatura y los diagnósticos identificados. Resultados: Se evaluaron 418 pacientes, 51.4% hombres y 49.6% mujeres. La gran mayoría de los pacientes, alrededor del 54%, tenían un diagnóstico de hernia de disco lumbar. Hubo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa que mostró una predilección por el tratamiento quirúrgico en los casos clasificados como Tipo I y Tipo II en la clasificación de Roussouly. No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas que correlacionaran los tipos de lordosis lumbar con el diagnóstico presentado por los pacientes. Conclusión: No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas que correlacionen el tipo de lordosis lumbar según Roussouly con las enfermedades degenerativas lumbares. En contraste, los pacientes clasificados como Tipo 1 y Tipo 2 por Roussouly se sometieron a un mayor número de tratamientos quirúrgicos en comparación con los pacientes tipo 3 y 4, con relevancia estadística. Nivel de evidencia 2; Estudo de pronostico retrospectivo.

Correlation analysis between degenerative spondylolisthesis and T2WI hyperintensity on MRI of interspinous ligament / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the relationship between lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis and T2WI high signal in the interspinous ligament in MRI in order to improve the understanding of the signal changes of the interspinous ligament.@*METHODS@#The clinical data of 43 patients with clinically diagnosed lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis were collected from March 2018 to March 2020, there were 19 males and 24 females, aged 50 to 92 years with an average of 69 years old. Using picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) to access images and record the distribution and incidence of T2WI high signal in the interspinous ligament between the slipped and non-slipped segments. Using Spearman correlation analysis to explore the relationshipbetween the T2WI high signal of the interspinous ligament and the degree of lumbar spondylolisthesis.@*RESULTS@#Except for 8 ligaments that were not included in the statistical results due to poor image quality, 43 patients with a total of 207 lumbar vertebrae and interspinous ligaments were included in the study. According to the Meyerding classification method, 43 patients had a total of 48 segments with spondylolisthesis, 41 segments in grade Ⅰ and 7 segments in grade Ⅱ. There were 30 cases of MRI T2WI high signal in the interspinous ligament corresponding to spondylolisthesis segment, including 3 cases on L@*CONCLUSION@#In patients with degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis, the MRI T2WI hyperintensity is more common in the interspinous ligament. The occurrence of T2WI high signal is positively correlated with the degree of spondylolisthesis, which should be payed enough attention in imaging diagnosis.

Treatment of degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis with minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion by microscope-assisted Zista channel / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the clinical efficacy and advantage of minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion under microscope-assisted Zista channel in the treatment of degreeⅠandⅡdegenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis.@*METHODS@#The clinical data of 18 patients with degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis treated by microscope-assisted Zista channel MIS-TLIF operation from January 2017 to March 2018 were analyzed retrospectively. There were 10 males and 8 females with an average age of 59 years (48 to 70). The course of spondylolisthesis ranged from 6 months to 5 years with an average of 33 months. The segment of spondylolisthesis was L@*RESULTS@#All the patients completed the operation successfully and were followed up more than 12 months after operation. Operation time was(160.45±34.98) min, intraoperative blood loss was (88.32±21.12) ml, postoperative drainage volume was (50.34 ±18.22)ml, and walking time after operation was (20.65±6.25) h. Preoperative and postoperative at 7 days, 3 months, 12 months, VAS score of low back pain was 7.81±2.16, 4.19±1.17, 2.25±0.62 and 1.53±0.58 respectively, VAS score of leg pain was 8.47± 2.21, 3.45±0.86, 2.31±0.73 and 1.43±0.47, JOA score was 12.01±2.33, 18.56±3.12, 23.54±3.31 and 26.34±2.65. There were significant differences in VAS and JOA scores between preoperative and postoperative (@*CONCLUSION@#MIS-TLIF under microscope-assisted Zista channel has obvious minimally invasive advantages in the treatment of degreeⅠandⅡdegenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis, and it is a safe and effective method.

Espondiloptosis traumática C7-T1 sin compromiso neurológico / Traumatic spondyloptosis C7-T1 without neurologic deficit

Resumen: La espondiloptosis traumática es una lesión muy rara y grave generalmente causada por traumatismos de alta energía. Consiste en la dislocación anterior o posterior de 100% o más al cuerpo vertebral subyacente, lo que puede generar compresión y lesión total de la médula espinal, produciendo déficit neurológico; este tipo de lesión representa la etapa 4 y 5 de Allen. Caso clínico: Masculino de 50 años quien sufre accidente automovilístico al colisionar contra muro de contención, generándose lesión de tipo hiperextensión-compresión cervicotorácica, manejado con hemicorpectomía C7, discectomía C7-T1, espondilodesis con placa anterior (C6-C7, C7-T1), toma y aplicación de injerto, abordaje posterior + fascetectomías de C7 + fijación transfacetaria C6 y transpedicular de T1. Discusión: Encontramos que la estabilización temprana con pinza de Gardner más el abordaje anterior y posterior brindan adecuados resultados en cuanto a integridad sensitiva y motora del paciente así como una pronta rehabilitación.

Abstract: Traumatic spondyloptosis is a serious injury usually caused by high-energy trauma; It consists of the anterior or posterior dislocation of 100% or more of the underlying vertebral body, which can become a total injury of the spinal cord, producing a neurological deficit; this type of injury represents stage 4 and 5 of Allen-Ferguson. Clinical case: A 50-year-old man who suffers a car accident, he receive frontal impact when he was a driver, colliding with the retaining wall, referred from another hospital to emergency room, managed with C7 hemicorpectomy, c7-t1 discectomy, spondylodesis with anterior plate (C6-T1), and posterior approach + Fascetectomies of C7-T1, facet joint screws C6 and transpedicular fixation of T1. Discussion: Subaxial cervical spondyloptosis is relatively rare clinical entity, a complete clinical examination is important in diagnosis, taking in considerations the injury mechanism. For treatment we have a multiple options, at this case anterior-posterior (360 degrees) treatment it was the better option for Us; however, must be personalized and consider the early rehabilitation of patient.

Lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis II: treatment and controversies / Espondilolistesis degenerativa lumbar II: tratamiento y controversias

Abstract: There are various approaches and surgical techniques with the objective of nerve root decompression, restrict mobility, and fusion of the listhesis. Among the techniques, posterior interbody fusion combines direct and indirect root decompression with the fusion between vertebral bodies, placing an autologous bone graft between transverse apophysis and vertebral bodies. Transforaminal lumbar and posterior interbody fusion, on the same way, look to decompress and fuse but with a different approach to the spine. The anterior approach for interbody fusion provides a better fusion rate. Lateral lumbar interbody fusion is considered less invasive, with an anterolateral transpsoas approach. The lumbar fusion technique in degenerative spondylolisthesis must be individualized. Non-fusion decompression is considered a less invasive procedure. Various studies suggest that decompression has better results when fusion is added. Surgery had several potential benefits and greater improvement in those patients who fail conservative management. An optimal technique is not conclusively identified.

Resumen: El tratamiento de la espondilolistesis degenerativa lumbar es específico para cada etapa de la enfermedad y el manejo quirúrgico no debe de ser la primera elección en la mayoría de los casos. El manejo conservador está basado en el uso de antiinflamatorios no esteroideos, control de peso y rehabilitación. En caso de falla después de cuatro a seis semanas, el siguiente paso es la infiltración facetaria. En caso de dolor persistente, alteraciones neurológicas o claudicación neurogénica el siguiente paso es la cirugía. Existen varios abordajes y técnicas quirúrgicas con el objetivo de descomprimir las raíces nerviosas, restringir la movilidad y fusionar la listesis. Entre las técnicas quirúrgicas, la fusión posterior combina la descompresión directa e indirecta con artrodesis entre los cuerpos vertebrales, colocando injerto entre las apófisis transversas y los cuerpos vertebrales. La artrodesis intersomática transforaminal y posterior buscan de la misma manera la descompresión y fusión, pero con un abordaje distinto. El abordaje anterior para artrodesis intersomática provee la mejor tasa de fusión. La artrodesis intersomática lateral se considera un procedimiento menos invasivo, con un abordaje anterolateral transpsoas. La técnica de artrodesis lumbar en la espondilolistesis debe ser individualizada. La descompresión sin artrodesis se considera un procedimiento menos invasivo; varios estudios sugieren que la descompresión tiene mejores resultados cuando se agrega una artrodesis. La cirugía tiene múltiples beneficios posibles en pacientes en quienes el tratamiento conservador ha fallado. No se ha identificado una técnica óptima de tratamiento.

T1 pelvic angle in improvement of pain in high-grade lumbar spondylolisthesis / Ângulo t1 pélvico na melhora da dor na espondilolistese lombar de alto grau / Ángulo t1 pélvico en la mejora del dolor en la espondilolistesis lumbar de alto grado

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the correlation between global sagittal alignment variables and pain improvement after surgery for High-Grade Spondylolisthesis (HGS). Methods A sample with 20 patients with L5-S1 HGS, submitted to arthrodesis with instrumentation from 01/2004 to 12/2016. Patients' demographic data, types of surgeries, complications, sagittal alignment parameters, and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score (ranging from 0 to 4) were recorded before surgery and at the last follow-up. The data were processed in SPSS 22.0. The confidence level was 0.05. Results The majority of the sample were women, 17 (85%); age at surgery: 52.60 ± 17.15 years; mean follow-up: 3.58 ± 1.62 years; isthmic etiology, 16 (80%) and dysplastic, 4 (20%); Meyerding Grading 3: 12 (60%), Grading 4: 3 (15%) and Grading 5: 5 (25%); SDSG type 4: 6 (30%), type 5a: 3 (15%), 5b: 3 (15%), type 6: 7 (35%) and not classified 1 (5%); surgery: in situ fusion 3 (15%) and reduction 17 (85%); fusion levels: L3-S1: 1 (5%), L3-Iliac: 1 (5%), L4-S1: 1 (5%), L4-Iliac: 6 (30%) and L5-S1: 11 (55%). Comparing the pre- and postoperative parameters, a significant improvement (p <0.05) was seen in the VAS, T1 slope, T1 pelvic angle (TPA), slip angle, Dubousset's lumbosacral angle and slip %. Evaluating the correlation between the variation in sagittal parameters and the improvement in VAS scale, it was found that the TPA showed a strong correlation (r = 0.709, p = 0.032). Conclusions the present study found a strong correlation between the improvement/reduction in TPA values and the reduction in pain intensity in the VAS. Level of evidence IV; Case Series.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a correlação entre as variáveis do alinhamento sagital global e a melhora da dor após a cirurgia de espondilolistese de alto grau (EAG). Métodos Uma amostra com 20 pacientes com espondilolistese de alto grau L5-S1, submetidos à artrodese com instrumentação, de 01/2004 a 12/2016. Os dados demográficos dos pacientes, tipos de cirurgias, complicações, parâmetros do alinhamento sagital e escore da Escala Visual Análoga (EVA) (variando de 0 a 4) foram registrados antes da cirurgia e no último acompanhamento. Os dados foram processados no SPSS 22.0. O nível de confiança foi 0,05. Resultados A maioria da amostra foi composta por mulheres, 17 (85%); idade na cirurgia: 52,60 ± 17,15 anos; tempo médio de acompanhamento: 3,58 ± 1,62 anos; etiologia ístmica, 16 (80 %) e displásica, 4 (20%); Grau Meyerding 3: 12 (60%), Grau 4: 3 (15%) e Grau 5: 5 (25%); SDSG tipo 4: 6 (30%), tipo 5a: 3 (15%), 5b: 3 (15%), tipo 6: 7 (35%) e não classificado 1 (5%); cirurgia: fusão no local 3 (15%) e redução 17 (85%); níveis de fusão: L3-S1, 1 (5%), L3-Ilíaco: 1 (5%), L4-S1: 1 (5%), L4-Ilíaco: 6 (30%) e L5-S1: 11 (55%). Comparando-se os parâmetros pré- e pós-operatório, observou-se uma melhora significativa (p <0,05) na EVA, declive de T1, ângulo T1 pélvico (ATP), ângulo de deslizamento, ângulo lombossacral de Dubousset e % de deslizamento. Avaliando-se a correlação entre a variação dos parâmetros sagitais com a melhora na escala EVA, verificou-se que o ATP apresentou forte correlação (r = 0,709, p= 0,032). Conclusões O presente estudo encontrou uma forte correlação entre a melhora/redução nos valores de ATP e na redução na intensidade da dor na EVA. Nível de evidência IV; Série de casos.

RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar la correlación entre las variables de la alineación sagital global y la mejora del dolor después de la cirugía para espondilolistesis de alto grado (EAG). Métodos Una muestra con 20 pacientes con espondilolistesis de alto grado L5-S1, sometidos a la artrodesis con instrumentación, de 01/2004 a 12/2016. Los datos demográficos de los pacientes, tipos de cirugías, complicaciones, parámetros de la alineación sagital y puntuación de la Escala Visual Análoga (EVA) (variando de 0 a 4) fueron registrados antes de la cirugía y en el último acompañamiento. Los datos fueron procesados en SPSS 22.0. El nivel de confianza fue de 0,05. Resultados La mayoría de la muestra fue compuesta por mujeres, 17 (85%); edad en la cirugía: 52,60 ± 17,15 años; tiempo promedio de acompañamiento: 3,58 ± 1,62 años; etiología ístmica, 16 (80 %) y displásica, 4 (20%); Grado Meyerding 3: 12 (60%), Grado 4: 3 (15%) y Grado 5: 5 (25%); SDSG tipo 4: 6 (30%), tipo 5a: 3 (15%), 5b: 3 (15%), tipo 6: 7 (35%) y no clasificado 1 (5%); cirugía: fusión en el local 3 (15%) y reducción 17 (85%); niveles de fusión: L3-S1, 1 (5%), L3-Ilíaco: 1 (5%), L4-S1: 1 (5%), L4-Ilíaco: 6 (30%) y L5-S1: 11 (55%). Comparándose los parámetros pre y postoperatorio, se observó una mejora significativa (p <0,05) en la EVA, pendiente de T1, ángulo T1 pélvico (ATP), ángulo de deslizamiento, ángulo lumbosacro de Dubousset y % de deslizamiento. Evaluándose la correlación entre la variación de los parámetros sagitales con la mejora en la escala EVA, se verificó que el ATP presentó fuerte correlación (r = 0,709, p= 0,032). Conclusiones El presente estudio encontró una fuerte correlación entre la mejora/reducción en los valores de ATP y en la reducción en la intensidad del dolor en la EVA. Nivel de evidencia IV; Serie de Casos.

Fusión cervical anterior C2-C3 para espondilolistesis traumática del axis grado III / Anterior C2-C3 Cervical Fusion for Traumatic Spondylolisthesis of the Axis Grade III

RESUMEN Se trata de un paciente masculino de 85 años de edad, que sufrió una caída y fue inmovilizado y trasladado al servicio de urgencia; refería dolor cervical y rigidez del cuello. Al examen neurológico no se constata déficit neurológico, salvo la contractura de la musculatura cervical. Se le diagnosticó espondilolistesis traumática del axis grado III confirmada mediante estudios radiográficos. Se le realizó abordaje anterior retrofaríngeo extendido con fijación con láminas y tornillos C2-3. El paciente utilizó ortesis rígida externa durante 4 semanas. Su evolución fue favorable(AU)

ABSTRACT This is an 85-year-old male patient who fell and was immobilized and transferred to the emergency department. He complained of neck pain and neck stiffness. Neurological examination revealed no neurological deficit, except for the contracture of the cervical musculature. Traumatic spondylolisthesis of the axis grade III confirmed by radiographic studies was diagnosed. An extended anterior retropharyngeal approach was performed with fixation with blades and C2-3 screws. The patient wore a rigid external orthosis for 4 weeks. His evolution was favorable(AU)

Analysis of characteristics of lumbar spine-pelvic structural parameters in degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the characteristics of lumbar spine-pelvic structure in degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis and its significance in degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis(DLS).@*METHODS@#The clinical data of 45 patients with simple degenerative L-segment lumbar spondylolisthesis (spondylolisthesis group) admitted from April 2015 to January 2017 were retrospectively analyzed, which were compared with 50 healthy people with complete physical examination data in the same period(control group). Statistical analysis of the lumbar spine-pelvic structure parameters of the subjects through imaging data was performed to analyze the characteristics of the spine-pelvis of DLS patients. The degenerative characteristicsof intervertebral disc and articular process joint were observed in degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. Use Spearson to analyze the correlation between observation items.@*RESULTS@#The facet joint angle, lumbar lordosis angle (LL), pelvic incidence angle(PI), pelvic tilt angle (PT), sacral slope angle (SS) in spondylolisthesis group of L-segment were (36.5±11.2)°, (44.2±7.3)°, (66.5±11.6)°, ( 22.2±10.0)°, (33.4±11.3)°, respectively, while in control group were (44.4±8.2)°, (36.7±8.5)°, (55.4± 13.2)°, (14.4±7.0)°, (42.3±13.1)°. PI, LL, PT of spondylolisthesis group were obviously larger than that of control group (< 0.05), the facet joint angle and SS of spondylolisthesis group were smaller than that of control group(<0.05). The correlation analysis showed that PI value was related to the PT and SS in two group. The degree of degeneration of intervertebral disc was related to the degree of spondylolisthesis. The degree of degeneration of L-S intervertebral disc and L facet jointin spondylolisthesis group was more serious (P <0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Lumbar spinal pelvic structure of degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis has undergone significant changes. Lumbar lordosis and pelvic dumping phenomenon in the mechanism of lumbar degeneration plays an important role. Lumbar facet joint degeneration and lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration are mutually promoted, and lumbar spondylolisthesis aggravates intervertebral disc and facet joint degeneration.

Ligamentum flavum in lumbar spinal stenosis, disc herniation and degenerative spondylolisthesis. An histopathological description / Ligamento amarillo en estenosis lumbar espinal, hernia de disco y espondilolistesis degenerativa. Una descripción histopatológica

Abstract: Introduction: Changes in ligamentum flavum (LF) related to degeneration are secondary to either the aging process or mechanical instability. Previous studies have indicated that LF with aging shows elastic fiber loss and increased collagen content, loss of elasticity may cause LF to fold into the spinal canal, which may further narrow of the canal. Material and methods: A total of 67 patients operated with the surgical indications of lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS), lumbar disc herniation (LDH) and lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis (LDS) were included. LF samples were obtained from patients who had LSS (39), LDH (22) and LDS (6). Specimens were examined with regard to chondroid metaplasia, calcification, fragmentation of collagen fibers, cystic degeneration, fibrillar appearence, and hypercellularity. Results: The most frequent histopathological changes were hyalinization and fragmentation of collagen fibers occur in 34%, neovascularization in 40.3% and irregular arrangement of elastic fibers is the most prevalent change with 56.7% of the total samples. There is a difference in the presence of certain changes in the LF according to the diagnosis, being statistically significant for fragmentation of collagen fibers (p = 0.045), cystic degeneration (p = 0.001), fibrillar appearance (p = 0.007) and hypercellularity (p = 0.005) all of these, being more prevalent in LDS group. LHD group presented fragmentation of collagen fibers in 45.5% (p = 0.045) and fibrillar appearance in 4.5% (p = 0.009). Conclusions: There is not evidence of cellular hyperthophy in the histhopatological analyses, thickening of the LF can be seen by bulking of LF followed by collapse of motion segment.

Resumen: Introducción: Los cambios en el ligamento flavum (LF) relacionados con la degeneración son secundarios al proceso de envejecimiento o a la inestabilidad mecánica. Estudios anteriores han indicado que LF con envejecimiento muestra pérdida de fibras elásticas y aumento del contenido de colágeno, la pérdida de elasticidad puede hacer que el LF se pliegue en el canal espinal, disminuyendo su espacio. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron 67 pacientes operados de estenosis lumbar espinal (LSS), hernia de disco lumbar (LDH) y espondilolistesis degenerativa (LDS). Se obtuvieron muestras de LF de pacientes que tenían LSS (39), LDH (22) y LDS (6). Se examinaron especímenes con respecto a metaplasia condroide, calcificación, fragmentación de fibras de colágeno, degeneración quística, apariencia fibrilar e hipercelularidad. Resultados: Los cambios histopatológicos más frecuentes fueron la hialinización y la fragmentación de las fibras de colágeno (34%), neovascularización en 40.3%, y la disposición irregular de las fibras elásticas es el cambio más frecuente con 56.7% del total de muestras. Existe una diferencia en la presencia de cambios en el LF, de acuerdo con el diagnóstico, siendo estadísticamente significativo para la fragmentación de las fibras de colágeno (p = 0.045), la degeneración quística (p = 0.001), la apariencia fibrilar (p = 0.007) y la hipercelularidad (p = 0.005) todos ellos, siendo más frecuentes en el grupo LDS. El grupo LHD presentó fragmentación de las fibras de colágeno en 45.5% (p = 0.045) y la apariencia fibrilar en 4.5% (p = 0.009). Conclusiones: No hay evidencia de hipertrofia celular en los análisis histopatológicos, el engrosamiento del LF se puede ver por abultamiento del mismo, seguido de colapso del segmento de movimiento.